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Cross-Sectional
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Welcome to the Advanced
Anatomical Services This interactive tutorial is being developed to assist health science students, as well as interns and residents in various health care professions, in their learning and reviewing of anatomy from a cross-sectional perspective. Major structures of the body can be visualized in anatomical cross-sections and subsequently identified in corresponding computed tomography images (CTs) and magnetic resonance images (MRIs) that are similar to those commonly encountered in a clinical setting. The anatomical cross-sections featured in this tutorial are derived from the Visible Human Project and are used with the permission of the National Library of Medicine, a branch of the National Institutes of Health, located in Bethesda, Maryland. For more information, click on the image above representing the Visible Human Project. To begin the tutorial, click on one of the buttons below corresponding to a specific region of the body. Note that this tutorial is currently under construction and only the unit on the head is active at the present time. The other units will be coming soon! |
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This Cross-Sectional Anatomy Tutorial was designed and created by Dr. Roger A. Dashner, who is a clinical anatomist and serves as the chief executive officer of Advanced Anatomical Services (AAS). The tutorial was developed principally to serve as an interactive guide to identifying some of the basic anatomical structures emphasized in many introductory gross anatomy courses. However, it was also constructed to assist medical interns and residents in reviewing these same anatomical structures in preparation for their entrance into the clinics, where they will receive greater exposure to computed tomography images (CTs) and magnetic resonance images (MRIs). With this in mind, the intention of this tutorial is to provide users with easy access to a complete set of digitally-enhanced images of anatomical cross-sections that have been closely matched with CTs and MRIs acquired from the same regions of the body. By comparing the corresponding images, users may learn to appreciate the appearance of most major structures of the body as they can be seen in each of these very different imaging modalities. An effort has been made to match the anatomical cross-sections with CTs and MRIs that have been obtained using various imaging parameters and sequences, and in some cases using contrast media. This has been done in order to demonstrate how the same anatomical structures can appear very different, not only when they are visualized in CTs vs.MRIs, but even when they are seen in images that have been acquired using the same imaging modality. This tutorial consists of two basic modes, an introductory tutorial mode and an advanced test mode, and users may work through these modes in a number of different ways. The tutorial begins by instructing users to select one of eight regions of the body. Once a region has been chosen, any given image of a cross-section of the body from that region may be selected for study or users may progress through the entire series of images in any order. Each image is accompanied by a set of figures, which indicate the specific region of the body from which it was obtained. Additionally, the names of several structures are listed in red on each image. Moving the cursor over any named structure will cause a leader line to appear, demonstrating an example of that structure on the image. Users may also elect to display all of the leader lines at once so that the tutorial may be used as an online atlas. Once they have learned all of the structures on a given image, they may then click on a button below the image to view a corresponding CT or MRI. At any time, the buttons may be used to navigate back and forth between the cross-sections, CTs or MRIs to review structures or compare how they appear in each of these types of images. Users may also navigate through an entire series of images from a given region in any order. They may progress through all of the cross-sections, all of the CTs or all of the MRIs from superior to inferior or from inferior to superior. Additionally, they may switch back and forth between any of the three types of images at any time. When users have gained confidence in their abilities to identify anatomical structures in the introductory tutorial mode, they may switch over to the advanced test mode to see how well they can correctly identify the structures they have learned on each cross-section, CT or MRI. The test is set up in the style of a practical examination with structures on each type of image tagged and numbered in a clockwise fashion. Users are instructed to move the cursor over any number on any given image. Doing so will cause the correct name of that structure to be displayed on the image. Once the test has been completed, users may elect to display all of the named structures at once in the form of an answer key. Just as in the case of the tutorial mode, the test mode allows users to work their way through cross-sections, CTs or MRIs in any order and to switch back and forth between any images of any type at any time. The Advanced Anatomical Services (AAS) Cross-Sectional Anatomy Tutorial is provided on an "as is" basis for informational purposes only. No warranty or guarantee is expressed or implied pertaining to the accuracy, completeness, suitability or reliability of any information provided in this tutorial. Additionally, AAS and its affiliates assume no responsibility for any outcomes or consequences resulting from the use of, or inability to use, the information provided in this tutorial. Furthermore, AAS and its affiliates shall at all times be indemnified and held harmless from and against any and all claims, liabilities, losses, damages, costs and expenses arising out of, based upon or caused by using the information in this tutorial. All content of the AAS website, including but not limited to the content of the AAS Cross-Sectional Anatomy Tutorial is and shall remain the sole, exclusive and absolute property of AAS. All information is provided exclusively for noncommercial viewing and use. No portion of this website may be downloaded, decompiled, reproduced, retransmitted, disseminated, distributed, published, broadcast, circulated or sold without the express written consent of AAS. |
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